Türkiye'de Enerji Verimsizliğinin Faturasu

Türkiye, enerjiyi gereği gibi verimli kullanmadığı ve tasarruf koşullarını sağlamadığı için her yıl 3 milyar doları boşa savuruyor! Enerji Verimliliği; yaşam standardında, hizmet kalitesinde, üretim miktarında düşüşe yol açmadan enerji tüketiminin azaltılması/minimize edilmesidir. Yani bir işi daha az enerji kullanarak yapabilmektir. Enerji verimliliğini gösteren en önemli gösterge, enerji yoğunluğu/gayri safi milli hasıla başına düşen enerji miktarıdır. Bu oran OECD ülkelerinde ortalama 0.19 iken ülkemizde 0.38 çıvarındadır. Diğer bir değişle, ülkemiz enerjiyi OECD ülkelerine göre iki kat daha verimsiz kullanmakta daha doğrusu savurmaktadır. Enerji savurganlığımız her yıl iki Keban Barajı kuracak kadar paranın sokağa atıldığı anlamına gelmektedir. Dünya ortalamasının çok üzerinde enerji kayıp+kaçağına (%20) sahip olan ülkemizde, enerjinin %60’ı ithal kaynaklardan elde edilirken, kıt enerjimizin ülkemizde neden bu kadar pahalı olduğunun sebepleri ortaya çıkmaktadır. SANAYİDE 1 MİLYAR DOLARLIK ENERJİ TASARRUFU MÜMKÜN 2003 yılı enerji tüketimi içinde %40, elektrik tüketiminde %48 paya sahip olan sanayi sektöründe yaklaşık %20-25 oranında enerji tasarruf potansiyeli bulunmaktadır. Bunun parasal değeride yıllık 1 milyar dolarlar düzeyinde hesaplanmaktadır. Enerji yoğun sektörlerde (demir-çelik, seramik, cam vs) eğitim, etüt ve teknolojik iyileştirmelerle %20-40’lara varan tasarrufun yapılabileceği tespit edilmiştir. MESKEN/BİNALARDA 1.5 MİLYAR DOLARLIK ENERJİ TASARRUFU MÜMKÜN Konutlarda tüketilen enerjinin %15’i elektrik, %85’i ısıtma ve sıcak su amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Binalarda yaklaşık %30-50’lik enerji tasarruf potansiyeli mevcuttur. Bununda parasal değeri yaklaşık 1-1.5 milyar doları bulmaktadır. Binalara uygun ısıtma sistemleri seçimi, uygun tesisat ve radyatör boyutları seçimi, gerekli yalıtımın yapılması ve otomatik kontrolun kullanımı binalarda enerji gereksinimini azaltmaktadır. Türkiye’nin güneş enerjisi üretiminde dünyada 4. ve Avrupa’da 1. olması özellikle su ısıtmada önemli bir enerji tasarrufu sağlamaktadır. ENERJİ VERİMLİLİĞİ ÇALIŞMALARI Ülkemizde enerji verimliliği konusunda Elektrik İşleri Etüd İdaresi (EİEİ) Genel Müdürlüğü uzun yıllardır üretkenliği ve çevreyi gözeten verimlilikle birlikte, yüksek katma değerli ürünlere yönelerek enerji yoğunluğunu 0.38’den kısa vadede 0.25’e ve uzun vadede ise 0.15’e indirmeyi amaçlayan çalışmalar yürütmektedir. Bu amaçla enerji verimliliğinin artırılması için etüt, eğitim, bilinçlendirme, istatistik, değerlendirme ve mevzuat geliştirme çalışmaları yürütülmektedir. Sanayide enerji verimliliğin artırılması için Japon Teknik İşbirliği Teşkilatı (JİCA) ile proje yürütmektedir. ENERJİ VERİMLİLİĞİ YASA TASARISI YOLDA Yıllık 3 milyar dolarlık kaybın önüne geçmek için “Enerji Verimliliği Yasa Taslağı” hazırlıkları sürdürülmektedir. Bu kapsamda endüstriyel işletmelerde toplam yıllık enerji tüketimi 2000 TEP ve üzeri olan işletmeler enerji tüketiminde verimliliğin artırılması için bir takım önlemler alması, enerji yöneticisi çalıştırması ve enerji yönetim birimi kurması gerekecektir. Tasarıya göre yıllık toplam enerji tüketimleri 40 bin gigajoule ve üzeri olan endüstriyel işletmeler, toplam inşaat alanı 20.000 m2 ve üzeri olan kamu kesimi binalarında ve ticari binalarda enerji yönetimi uygulamaları gerçekleştirmek üzere “enerji yöneticileri” görevlendirilecektir. Enerji yönetimi içinde yer alacak enerji yöneticileri EİE ve onun yetki verdiği kuruluşlar (Eskişehir’de Osmangazi Üniversitesi- Enerji Yönetim Birimi) tarafından açılan kurslarda Enerji Yöneticisi Sertifikası alan kişiler görevlendirilebilecektir. Ayrıca ülkemizde enerji verimliliğinde danışmanlık yapacak servis şirketleri kurulacak ve yeni binaların (inşaat alanı 5000 m2 ve üzeri) enerji kimlik belgeleri düzenlenecektir. Enerji kimliğinde binaların ısıtma performansları, yalıtım durumu, pencere/duvar durumu/özellikleri, ısıtma ve soğutma ihtiyacı ve bu sistemlerin özellikleri, CO2 ve emisyon gazı bilgileri yer alacaktır. Binaların el değiştirilmesi sırasında bu belgeler istenecek ve yeni binalarda bu belge yok ise oturma izni verilmeyecektir.Prof.Dr. Muammer Kaya, Eskişehir-Osmangazi Üniversitesi

Difficulties, possible solutions, needed reforms at Renewable Energy at Turkey

The main barriers for development renewable energy are: - lack of financial resources and proper lending facilities, particularly for small-scale projects constitute, - lack of detailed renewable energy resource assessments and data banks pertains to Turkey like to many other countries. But, lack of awareness and knowledge is not a big barrier in Turkey. Renewable energy is recognized as a major potential for indigenous, clean energy production. The most important handicap for foreign investors is Turkish bureaucracy. The permission for a foreign investor can be taken through one-year period with applying numerous different associations. New government had promised to make the permission producer easier. Hydroelectric generation, biomass combustion, solar energy for agricultural grain drying and hot water heating, and geothermal energy have been in use in the country for many years. Domestic water heating is the primary active solar technology. In Turkey, approximately 30,000 solar water heating systems have been installed since the 1980s. This is a minute fraction of the total potential. About 50% of existing dwellings could be fitted effectively with a solar water heater. If this potential were extended to 2025, the deployment of approximately 5 million systems (allowing for a rise in the Turkish housing stock) would be required. This could save an estimated 30 PJ (9.0 TWh) per year of oil, coal and gas and 2.0 TWh per year of electricity, giving a saving of 5.0 million tonnes of CO2 per year, or just under 1% of current Turkey CO2 production. Agricultural residues have a high potential to take the place of the lignite (40 million tons) and hard coal (1.3 million tons) used in electricity production. Biogas systems are considered to be strong alternatives to the traditional space heating systems (stoves) in rural Turkey. Geothermal heat pumps are a relatively new application of geothermal energy that has grown rapidly in recent years. On the other hand, the biggest benefit of geothermal heat pumps is that they use 25-50% less electricity than conventional heating or cooling systems. Geothermal heat pumps can also reduce energy consumption, and corresponding air pollution emissions, up to 44% compared to air source heat pumps and up to 72% compared to electric resistance heating with standard air conditioning equipment. Success story: Turkey is among the first five leader countries in its geothermal direct use applications. In Turkey, the district heating system applications were started with large scale, city based geothermal district heating systems. The investigations on geothermal energy in the country gained speed in the 1970s. However, the utilization of geothermal energy could not become widespread sufficiently due to scaling problems up to the early 1980s. Since then, important developments have been recorded in geothermal energy utilization. Recently, geothermal direct use applications have reached up to 52,000 residences equivalence of geothermal heating, and engineering design of nearly 300,000 residences equivalence geothermal district heating has been completed. Parallel to the development of geothermal energy utilization in Turkey, it is projected that by the years 2010 and 2020, the total installed capacity will increase to 3500 MWt (500,000 residences equivalent, which is about 30% of the total residences in the country) and 8300 MWt (1,250,000 residences equivalent) for space heating and to 500 MWe and 1000 MWe for power production, respectively. The investment cost for geothermal district heating systems per residence with a floor area of 100 m2 is about 1500–2500 US$ (excluding heater costs in the residence), while the payback period varies between 5 and 8 years. About 30–50% of the investment costs has been paid by consumers as a connection subscription fee, like a capital investment. The heating fees (2001 heating season) were in the range of 14–29 US$. Needed reforms: Turkey can not perform a clear strategy concerning the renewable energy sources because of energy costs and investment costs. The State encouraged the private sector for natural gas combined circuit plants and guaranteed to buy the generated electricity with a low cost and with special conditions. State performed the strategy of build, operate and transfer (BOT) system and succeeded it. The share of the natural gas combined circuit plants increased to 20% in total primary energy supply. The state achieved the sustainability in this wise. Turkey is interested in renewable energy resources and gives effort to provide the sustainability of using these energy resources. The state encouraged the municipalities in respect of the geothermal energy and gave them the permission to behave self-governing. In Turkey, the efficiency of energy utilization is not as high as Europe yet. The state leads the private sector to the World Bank’s credit in all sources of renewable energy. The State says that it will be the guarantor for the 30-40% of the cost of the private sector’s investments which are for their own needs. If the private sector can find buyer, it can sell the electricity produced in these plants. The cost of 1 kilowatt (kW) power from a renewable energy resource is 13-15 cent. If the State buys for example 10% of the generated energy by private sector for this cost, the State will gain from that too in future. It is so recently that less energy consuming building projections have taken place. Ground sourced heating and passive heating systems are not common either. For a sustainable development of renewable energy resources and settling to the Mediterranean strategy, ground sourced and water sourced heat pump systems, wind and solar energy power plants have to be kept unobstructed always. The renewable energy technologies and the energy quantities which are necessary for production per unit have to be kept always in the journal and policy of the country. Legal regulations have to be performed and the State has to give effort to make the public assimilate these regulations highly.Ahmet Koyun

Turkey’s renewable energy potential

Turkey‟s energy policy target is planned to reach a 20% renewable energy share by the year of 2020, and 30% in 2050, respectively. The instruments to reach this goal range from the „Law of the Turkish Policies on Renewable Energies‟ to the political and financial support of research and development of renewable energy sources. The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of the Turkey has listed CSP (concentrating solar power) as an important research issue in the „Summary of National mid & long-Term Science and Energy Technology Development Plan‟ (2006–2020). On the other hand, up to now, no commercial solar thermal power plant is in operation in Turkey. Renewable energy production makes up approximately 14.4% of the total primary energy supply (TPES), i.e. 10.30 Mtoe in 2007, and renewable sources represent the second-largest domestic energy source after coal. Table III shows solar energy potential in Turkey. In spite of this high potential, solar energy is not now widely used, except for flat plate solar collectors. They are only used for domestic hot water production, mostly in the sunny coastal regions. In 2007, about 8.0 million m2 solar collectors were produced and it is predicted that total solar energy production is about 0.390 Mtoe. Since mid-2000‟s as a result of applied important structural changes and increased investment incentives in renewable energy, investment demands above the potential on wind energy has arisen in Turkey. In the near future there will be an overloaded demand to solar energy like wind energy. In this context the possible usage areas and rate effects of renewable energies replaced with fossil fuels to the economical benefit of the country can be examined. Wind energy Wind energy is the fastest growing energy source and technology in the world and wind power is one of the most widely used alternative sources of energy today. In most of the some countries wind power in share of gross electric consumption is continuously increasing. As an example, in Germany its share has reached to 6.4% in 2010. The west parts of Anatolia have been identified as very favorable locations for wind power generation in Turkey. As for the background in Turkey, wind energy has always played an important role in the historical and economical development of Anatolia. The people used wind energy for hundreds of years for pumping water and grinding grain in Anatolia. Then, they must have been dominant landmarks already in the 14th century in Anatolia and the wind mills were built mainly in the 19th century. Recently, wind power as a potential renewable energy source has grown in Turkey. Today, it is estimated that Turkey has 160 TWh a year of wind potential, which is about twice as much as the current electricity consumption of Turkey. According to Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, the wind potential of Turkey is given as 88,000 GW and the economic potential is estimated as 10,000 MW or higher [8]. Although, wind energy has a significant contribution to the energy system, for effective energy planning in the grid systems, prediction of wind energy production should be accurately up to 48-72 hours. Today, the majority of wind energy projects in Turkey are concentrated in the west with and Mediterranean regions with a total 25 projects. The installed capacity of wind energy is expected to reach 20,000 MW by 2023. Solar Energy Solar radiation arriving on earth surface is the most fundamental renewable energy source. In recent years, solar energy utilization in various applications has increased significantly. Turkey is promising country for solar energy potential. Turkey‟s geographical location is highly favorable for the utilization of solar energy. Turkey is geographically located (36-42°N latitudes) in a useful position for the solar power in the South Eastern of Europe and the Mediterranean. Solar radiation incident on a horizontal surface and sunshine duration are measured in the meteorological stations by Turkish State Meteorological Service (TSMS)in Turkey.The country has an average 3.6 kWh/m2-day irradiation and 7.2 hours insolation time per day (Table II). In the southern parts of Turkey, there are about 3000 sunshine hours per year. The insolation values are higher and conditions for solar power generation are comparable to Spain.Southeastern Anatolia and Mediterranean regions of Turkey are in the highest levels with closing to 1500 kWh/m²-year. Solar energy is widely used in Turkey. The main solar energy utilizations in Turkey are the flat-plate collectors in domestic hot water systems. The hot water heating system installations exceeds 10 million m2 area having with a total installed capacity of 7.8 GWth in 2008. Turkey is in the 2nd rank of the top countries using solar thermal power in worldwide following China. In China, this figure exceeds 100 GWth Furthermore, utilization of photovoltaic systems is very limited with the usage of some governmental organizations in remote service areas such as telecom stations, forest fire observation towers and highway emergency only. However, it is hoping that the photovoltaic system will play an important role in the future energy planning in Turkey. The research and development of photovoltaic in Turkey is very new. It has not commercialized yet. The installed capacity of solar energy in Turkey is very small. Short-term forecasts are important tasks with potential, leading to improved energy forecasts and helping to increase the efficiency of the renewable energy productions for photovoltaic solutions as well contributing to improve the management and presumably the design of the energy grids in the future. Short-term forecasts are important tasks with potential, leading to improved energy forecasts and helping to increase the efficiency of the renewable energy productions as well contributing to improve the management and presumably the design of the energy grids in the future.

Selahattin İncecik, Ceyhan Kahya, Erhan Çalışkan and Hüseyin Toros